Bulldozer

A bulldozer is a tracked machine with a front blade for grading, pushing and moving soil, clearing and preparing sites and roads. Tracks and high torque deliver enormous tractive force even on heavy ground.

It is often fitted with a rear ripper to break up hard subsoil. On a dozer the undercarriage eats most of the budget — tracks, rollers and tensioners work under enormous load, so inspect their wear first. Shantui and SEM are cheapest out of China, while worn but serviced Caterpillar and Komatsu turn up in the USA and Japan.